Studying English

TOEFL PREPARATION

REVIEW EXERCISE
Directionns:choose the letter of the word or group of words that best completes the sentences.


1). ......is famous as the home of the united states naval academy.
a) annapolis
b) because of annapolis
c) why annapolis
d) because annapolis

2. some scientists think. . .... be a planet but a moon of neptune.
a. that pluto does not seem
b. not pluto
c. pluto that might not
d. that pluto might not

3. with ......... . . of sophisticated oil lamps, elaborate tools were made to cut the wicks.
a. appeared
b. the appearance
c. the appearance was
d. it appeared

4. fort union was the site of what......principal fur-trading post on the upper missouri river.
a. the
b. being the
c. was the
d. it was the

5. since ........ commercial risk, it has to appeal to a large audience to justify its cost.
a. the face of the movies
b. moving vace.
c. a movie faces
d. to face a movies

6. a current of water known as the gulf stream comes up from the gulf of mexico, and then ....... the north atlantic toward europe.
a. it crosses
b. crossing
c. with its crosses
d. crosses it

7. systems.....the two simbols 0 and 1 are called binary number systems.
a. use
b. they use
c. uses
d. using

8. genes,...... the blueprints for cell contruction, exist in tightly organized packages called chromosomes.
a. are
b. they are
c. which
d. which are

9). the earth's atmosphere consists of gases..................in place around the earth by the gravitational pull of the planet.
a. held
b. hold
c. it holds
d. the hold

10) oscar hammerstein collaborated with a number of composers including jerome kern,whom .......... in writing the musical show boat.
a. joined
b. was joined
c. he joined
d. joining



TOEFL PREPARATION

UNIT 3
COMPLEX SENTENCES
ADJECTIVE,ADVERB,AND NOUN CLAUSES

A complex sentences has one main clause and one or more dependent clause has its own subject and verb, but it cannot stand by itself because the information in the clause is subordinate or additional to that of the main clause. to connect a dependent clause, subordinators are used. in relation to the main clause, a dependent clause may function as an adjective, adverb or noun, and so the clause named after its function.

A. Adjective Clause

an adjective clause is a dependent clause that modifies a noun or pronoun, referred to as the antecedent and it is connected to the main clause using a relative pronoun or a relative adverb.

Relative Pronoun:
>Who, that, whom, which, whode.

Relative Adverb:
>Where, when, why

Examples:
Anybody who has no ticket may not enter the stadium.
I like the book which you gave me as a birthday present.
The town where i grew up is very far from here.

Remember
1. Use the relative pronoun who or that to modify a person as a subject and whom to modify a person as an object in the adjective clause.
2. Use the relative pronoun which or that to modify a thing, either as a subject or an object in the adjective clause.
3. Use the relative adverbs where to relate to a place, when to a time expression and why to reason.

Exercise 1

Directions: Circle the relative pronouns and bla bla bla the nouns modified. then indicate that the sentences are correct(C) or incorrect (I) and revise the incorrect ones.

1. ........ in the bank i met a women who kept staring at me suspicioudly.
2. ........ jodi wants to buy the car whom he saw at the exhibition yesterday.
3. ........ the plane crash that happened last week took hundreds of lives.
4. ........ the football match whom many people expected to watch was delayed due to bad weather.
5. ........ the reason why she did not come to your party is that she was busy finishing her final paper.
6. ........ a market id a place when buyers and sallers meet for bussiness dealings.
7. ........ rani was admitted in a german Unifersity which she learned computer.
8. ........ my father took me to a museum when he showed me a very rare species of flower.
9. ........ i borrowed a book who was recommended by professor anthony.
10. ....... reza, who you have trusted all these years, has not been acting in good faith.


B.ADVERB CLAUSE
An adverb clause is a dependent clause that modifies a verb, adjective or adverb in the main clause. the relationship of the information in an adverb clause to that in the main clause is shown by a subordinate conjunction that can indicate time, location, reason, contrast, comparison, condition, result, purpose, and manner. an adverb clause may come at the beginning, in the middle, or at the end of the sentence. a comma is needed when the clause is placed at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence.

subordinate conjuctions for adverb clause
when, before, after, whenever, as long as, since,wheter,
as, until, if, while, as if, as though, whereas, although,
though, even if, so that so, so... that, such..that, until, etc.


REMEMBER.
1. Use correct subordinate conjunctions.
2. Avoid using because of or due to in introducing an adverb clause of reason.
3. When the conjunction comes at the beginning of the sentences, a comma(,) is required in the middle of the sentence.

EXAMPLES:
Anita wants to see you before she leaves tomorrow morning.
The match was canceled because it rained heavily.
AS Mona has to finish her paper, she will not go to the party.

Exercise 1
Directions: Circle the conjuntons and indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (i). then revise the incorrect sentences.

1. ....... After the plane circled the airport, it landed on the main runway.
2. ....... The registration process took many hours since the lines so long.
3. ....... This type of medicine can be helpful, it can also have some bad side effects.
4. ....... The waves were amazingly high when the storm hit the coastal town.
5. ....... We need to get a new car whether is on sale or not.
6. ....... Just as the bread came out of the oven, while a wonderful aroma filled the kitchen.
7. ....... Everyone has spent time unpucking boxes since the family moved into the new house.
8. ....... Although the area is a desrt many plants bloom there in the springtime.
9. ....... The drivers on the freeway drove slowly and carefully while the rain was falling heavily because they did not want to have an accident.
!). ...... If you plan carefully before you take a trip, will have much better time because the small details will not cause problems.


C. NOUN CLAUSE

A noun clause is a dependent clause that subtitutes a noun in the main clause, functioning as a subject, subject complement (after a linking verb), object of a preposition, or appositive. a noun clause is introduced by an introductory word, depending on the type of sentences the clause is derived from.

Introductory Words
That, if, whether, what, where, which, whose, why, when, how,
EXAMPLES:
The teacher knew that the students had finidhed their homework.
That he enjoys cooking very much is not a scret anymore.
I couldn't decide which shirt i wanted to buy.

Remember.
1. Make sure that the word order of the noun clause is correct.
2. Use correct introductory words for noun clause.
3. Some introductory words might become subjects as well in the noun clauses.

exercise 1
Dirrections: bla bla bla the introductory words to noun clauses and indicate if the sentences are corrrect (C) or incorrect (I), then revise the mistakes.

1. ... it is unfortunate that the meal is not ready yet.
2. ... She told me when should pick her up.
3. ... The instructor explained where was the computer lab located.
4. ... We could not believe what he did to us.
5. ... Do you want to know if it going to rain tomorrow?
6. ... We never know whether we will get paid or not.
7. ... This evening you can decide what do you want to do?
8. ... The manager exolained how wanted the work done.
9. ... The map showed where the party would be held?
10. ... Can you tell me why was the mail not delivered today?



achmed choirul anwar azzaqy